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Psychology of Music
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What are your thoughts when the national anthem is playing? An empirical exploration

Avi Gilboa

BAR-ILAN UNIVERSITY, ISRAEL, gilboaa{at}mail.biu.ac.il

Ehud Bodner

BAR-ILAN UNIVERSITY, ISRAEL, bodnere{at}biu.013.net.il

It is believed that when exposed to the national anthem of their native country, people react with feelings of pride and patriotism and that the anthem has the power to unite people around similar associations. We examined these beliefs empirically. In Experiment 1, Israelis of various ages and subcultures listened to their anthem and to three other songs, and wrote down associations that came to mind. It was found that the anthem evoked more national associations than any other song and that this was a shared tendency despite the subcultural divergences. In Experiment 2, a marginal group in Israeli society participated in a similar task and appeared to regard the anthem more negatively than mainstream Israelis. In Experiment 3, associations relating to the anthem were compared to those relating to other national symbols (the flag and an emblem). The flag, but not the emblem, evoked similar association patterns. Results are discussed in light of social identity theory.

Key Words: adolescence • anthem • classical conditioning • flashbulb memories • immigration • national identity • social identity theory

This version was published on October 1, 2009

Psychology of Music, Vol. 37, No. 4, 459-484 (2009)
DOI: 10.1177/0305735608097249
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