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Psychology of Music
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Five Facets of Musical Expression: A Psychologist's Perspective on Music Performance

Patrik N. Juslin

Uppsala University, patrik.juslin{at}psyk.uu.se

The aim of this article is to outline a psychological approach to expression in music performance that could help to provide a solid foundation for the teaching of expressive skills in music education. Drawing on previous research, the author suggests that performance expression is best conceptualized as a multi-dimensional phenomenon consisting of five primary components: (a) Generative rules that function to clarify the musical structure; (b) Emotional expression that serves to convey intended emotions to listeners; (c) Random variations that reflect human limitations with regard to internal time-keeper variance and motor delays; (d) Motion principles that prescribe that some aspects of the performance (e.g. timing) should be shaped in accordance with patterns of biological motion; and (e) Stylistic unexpectedness that involves local deviations from performance conventions. An analysis of performance expression in terms of these five components - collectively referred to as the GERMS model - has important implications for research and teaching of music performance.

Key Words: computational modelling • emotion • expression • music education • music performance

Psychology of Music, Vol. 31, No. 3, 273-302 (2003)
DOI: 10.1177/03057356030313003
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